Translation in Arabic language and literature
Zahra Karamzadegan; Fateme Mazaheri
Abstract
Critical discourse analysis gave the translators the permission to violate the principle of trustworthiness, and in the translation of texts that contain ideology, to recreate and make their language choices in line with the culture and ideology of the target text. On the other hand, the speed and intensity ...
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Critical discourse analysis gave the translators the permission to violate the principle of trustworthiness, and in the translation of texts that contain ideology, to recreate and make their language choices in line with the culture and ideology of the target text. On the other hand, the speed and intensity of the impact of media discourse has made the media the center of attention of politicians and those in power, and a tool for the dissemination of political discourses. Therefore, this research aims to analyze the application of the strategies presented in the critical discourse analysis approach in the process of translating political texts using a descriptive-analytical method and using the Vandyke model. The research data has been selected from the two news networks Al-Arabiya and Al-Sharq in the period of 2019 to 2022, focusing on the Yemen war. And the findings of the research indicate that these two news networks use the strategies of minimization, disclosure, delegitimization, legitimization, prejudice, empathy, generalization and magnification from the axis of syntax, and the strategies of initiation, marginalization and word order from the axis of syntax, the strategy of playing with numbers from the axis of rhetoric, the strategy of choosing words aligned from the axis of style, two strategies of anti-realistic forms and truth from the axis of reasoning and the strategy of changing behavioral actions from the axis of action, trying to present a negative representation of The actions of the Houthis are a positive representation of the actions of Saudi Arabia. And in the process of translation, the translator must reverse these representations in line with the politics of her country by using similar and sometimes opposite strategies to the strategies in the source tex.Keywords: Critical Discourse Analysis, Van Dijk Model, Media Discourse, Ideology.IntroductionEach type of political discourse is carried out with a special communication purpose and role, such as persuading, forcing, threatening or promising the audience. Writers and translators of political texts always use ideological strategies in order to reflect their thoughts, ideology, political beliefs and the ruling system of their society, in order to emphasize or downplay events and political actors. On the other hand, the approach of critical discourse analysis, which was formed due to the inadequacy of the formalist approach in the analysis of the discourse to the sentence and text, considers ideology as the guiding factor of the text, and the main task of the critical analyst is to discover and analyze the ideology reflected in the linguistic structures in the context. It knows its socio-political. Therefore, with the approach of critical discourse analysis, the translator can influence the feelings, opinions and thoughts of his audience through "intrusion and capture" or in other words by changing the linguistic forms of the source text.Literature ReviewSo far, countless researches have been carried out with the approach of critical discourse analysis in order to analyze texts from different genres in Persian, Arabic, English, etc. languages. In this article, we limit ourselves to mentioning examples from two groups of these researches.1-1-Researches that have investigated the reflection of ideology in political texts- In his article "Opinions and ideologies in the press" translated by Zahra Haddad and his colleagues (2006), Theon E. VanDyke explained the complex relationships between ideology, opinions and discourse structures and explained the ideological square and tools. Bayani, in ideological representation in media discourse, has done a detailed analysis of a part of the note printed in the Washington Post newspaper, which is written by Jim Hoagland.- Agha golzadeh and his colleague (2013) in the article "Analysis of representational methods of news selection based on the critical discourse analysis approach" to evaluate and analyze the vocabulary used in the media, including nouns, adjectives and adverbs, in the framework of lexical generalization strategies., addressed expressions, extreme vocabulary have been discussed.- Lotfollah Yarmohammadi (2013) in his book called "Communications from the perspective of critical discourse analysis", has given ten articles in the field of critical discourse analysis, which were written by him or with his colleagues. Among these articles, we can refer to the article "Research on the degree of openness or concealment of the message in selected Iranian editorials: a relationship between discourse-oriented structures and intellectual-social infrastructure structures".- Shahryar Niazi and his colleagues (2017) in the article "Study of Ideological Representation of Iran in the Asharq Al-Awsat newspaper based on the Vandyke model", after examining twenty political analyzes from the "Al-Sharq Al-Awsat" newspaper in a one-year period from 1996 to 1997, came to this conclusion. It has been found that news writers have tried to present a negative image of Iran by using strategies such as "default" and "distancing" and on the other hand, by using strategies such as "showing" a positive image of Saudi Arabia. have presented.1-2- Researches that have investigated the translation of texts, including political texts, with the approach of critical discourse analysis:-.Schäffner and his colleague (2010) in their article called "Political Discourse of Media and Translation" have analyzed political news and the way of their translation process and have reached the point that the target text is subject to the cultural conditions of its audience. and not a function of the structure of the source text.- Li (2010) in his doctoral dissertation entitled "Translating Chinese Political Discourse: A Functional Cognitive Approach to English Translations of Chinese Political Speeches", analyzed his selected political texts in Chinese. Then, by comparing these texts with their translation in English, he has extracted the strategies that the translators have applied based on the meta-discursive elements of ideology and power in order to manage minds strategically.- Ferdous Agha golzadeh and his colleague (2015) in the article "Investigation of Ideological Representation in English Political Translated Texts in the Framework of Critical Discourse Analysis: Style and Rhetoric Axes", selected their research data from 300 written paragraphs in English about Iranian political issues. and after confronting and comparing them with the Persian translation presented by them, they investigated the issue of how far the Persian language translators used strategies based on style and rhetoric in order to reflect their ideology.- Farshid Turkashund (2015) in his article entitled "The application of critical discourse analysis in translation from Arabic to Persian", while stating the advantage of the discourse approach and especially its critical type compared to the text-based approach, one paragraph from Manflouti, two paragraphs from Mikhail has analyzed Naimah and one paragraph of Tawfiq Hakim based on Farklough's model at three levels of description, interpretation and explanation, then he has translated the texts in consideration of the analysis done.- Ailin Firouzian and her colleagues (2017) in the article "The role of syntactic strategies in the representation of the ideology of Persian translators in translated social-political written texts from the point of view of critical discourse analysis", analyzing and examining 250 speech fragments from written English social-political texts which is related to Iran's issues at the international, national or regional level. This research compares the discourse of the source language with its re-creation in the target language, and relying on the Vandyke ideological square and the syntax axis from the six axes, it has extracted the strategies used by the translators.- Hanieh Qarakhan Bagli (2021) in her master's thesis entitled "Review and analysis of the translation of Arabic political news headlines in Fars news agency based on Van Dyke's discursive approach"; It tries to investigate and explain the differences between the news headlines translated in Fars news agency and their Arabic texts between July 30, 2019 and July 30, 2014, using the descriptive-analytical method and the Vandyke model.MethodologyThis research tries to provide solutions based on the approach of critical discourse analysis and the Van Dyke model (at both micro and macro levels Vandyke model (at both micro and macro levels), so that new Iranian translators, faced with political discourses containing ideologies that conflict with the ideology of their own country, can translate the source text. The research data were selected from the two news networks "Al-Arabiya" and "Al-Sharq" which are subordinate to the policies of Saudi Arabia, focusing on the Yemen war. Next, the news that covered the events in Yemen from 2019 to 2022 were examined, then due to the limitation of this research, some speeches and texts that included the most and most comprehensive strategies proposed by Van Dyke were selected. and analyzed. Then, based on the obtained analysis, the news were translated with the approach of critical discourse analysis and the translation was also analyzed.ConclusionThis research, by examining and analyzing political texts in general and the news of Yemeni war incidents in particular, showed us that in the media discourse, an incident is narrated in different ways and sometimes such incidents undergo changes and distortions. They look as if a new incident has happened. Therefore, translators of political texts need political, cultural and social knowledge in addition to linguistic knowledge. In fact, critical discourse analysis teaches them how to use their linguistic knowledge to discover and extract the ideology hidden in texts. Then, taking into account the accepted ideology in the target text, try to neutralize that ideology or even turn the ideology around. Also, the findings of this research showed us that in texts where ideology and politics are in conflict with each other in the source and target texts, using a strategy that is opposite to the strategy embedded in the source text can be a way forward for the translator. Also, along with other strategies analyzed in the article that lead to the neutrality or neutralization of the source text, the two strategies of deletion and addition are very effective in reversing the source text.
